GENDER

gender

male and female, masculine and feminine

gender-identity formation

gender roles

sex: biological femaleness or maleness

genetic sex: determined by sex chromosomes

anatomical sex: the obvious physical differences between males and females

gender: the psychosocial meanings added to biological maleness or femaleness

gender assumptions: assumptions of how people are likely to behave based on their maleness or femaleness

gender identity: each individual’s own subjective sense of being male or female

gender role: a collection of attitudes and behaviors that are considered normal and appropriate

in a specific culture for people of a particular sex

masculine: behavior thought to be socially appropriate for a male

feminine: behavior thought to be socially appropriate for a female

[pictures of three different houses]

humans make about 20,000 different proteins

a single cell (muscle cell, liver cell, brain cell etc.) might make 5,000 – 10,000 different proteins

average protein contains 400 amino acids

[pictures of two different cells]

each cell in your body has a library

with 2 copies each of 22 volumes = 44 total

plus 2 special volumes:

females: X from mom; X from dad

males: X from mom; Y from dad

44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes = 46 total chromosomes

[picture of encyclopedia with (22 volumes x 2) + 2 volumes]

[picture of 46xx human karyotype]

[miniature pictures of encyclopedia volumes]

chromosome

molecule of DNA coiled together with proteins

[picture of chromosome]

[miniature picture of karyotype]

gene

segment of DNA carrying instructions for one thing (one protein)

[picture of DNA with 2 genes]

computer code consists of only two kinds of digits: 0 and 1

groups of digits:

00100010 = bit

00100010 = nibble

00100010 = byte

8 digits (one byte) encode a single letter or number

A = 01000001

a = 01100001

B = 01000010

b = 01100010

1 = 00110001

2 = 00110010

3 = 00110011

(ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

nucleotide 1 DNA = A RNA = U

nucleotide 2 DNA = A RNA = U amino acid 1 = leucine

nucleotide 3 DNA = T RNA = A

nucleotide 4 DNA = G RNA = C

nucleotide 5 DNA = G RNA = C amino acid 2 = proline

nucleotide 6 DNA = C RNA = G

nucleotide 7 DNA = G RNA = C

nucleotide 8 DNA = C RNA = G amino acid 3 = arginine

nucleotide 9 DNA = A RNA = U

nucleotide 10 DNA = T RNA = A

nucleotide 11 DNA = C RNA = G amino acid 4 = serine

nucleotide 12 DNA = A RNA = U

T = Thymine

C = Cytosine

A = Adenine

G = Guanine

[pictures of DNA structure]

[picture of normal male karyotype]

[picture of normal female karyotype]

[picture of actual clinical karyotype]

[pink and blue colored karyotype]

22 + X = egg = 23

22 + X or Y = sperm = 23

22 + 22 + 2 (XX or XY) = zygote = 46

[picture of egg, sperm, and zygote]

one fertilized egg

embryo splits in two

two identical embryos

identical twins in uterus

two fertilized eggs

two different embryos

fraternal twins in the uterus

[pictures to illustrate how identical twins and fraternal twins are created]

identical twins occur randomly

fraternal twins run in families 2x as common as identical

twins – spontaneous 1/70, with infertility treatments 1/5, overall today 1/36

[pictures of identical and fraternal twins]

after being fertilized, a human egg splits, creating twins

[picture of two egg cells close together]

identical twins – zygote splits soon after fertilization

conjoined twins – embryo splits after the 13^th day

thoracopagus (35%) – joined at chest

omphalopagus (30%) – connected from waist to sternum

pyopagus (19%) – united at backsides

“Siamese twin”

Chang & Eng Bunker born 1811 in Siam (now Thailand)

18 – became touring attraction

28 – became farmers in North Carolina

32 – married sisters Sarah Ann & Adelaide Yates -> 21 children

[picture of Chang & Eng Bunker]

Abigail and Brittany with their dad.

[picture of conjoined twins]

normal prenatal differentiation

internal structures

[picture illustrating Wolffian ducts and the male structures derived from them]

[picture illustrating Mullerian ducts and the female structures derived from them]

normal prenatal differentiation

external structures

[picture of genital tubercle and labioscrotal folds and what structures they eventually become]

MALE

GONAD -- SRY gene product à TESTES à ANDROGENS testosterone

sexual motivation

male secondary sex characteristics

FEMALE

GONAD – absence of SRY (presence of DSS??) à OVARY à ESTROGENS estradiol

menstrual cycle

female secondary sex characteristics

OVARY à PROGESTATIONAL COMPOUNDS progesterone

menstrual cycle

uterine lining in pregnancy

MALE AND FEMALE

(ADRENAL GLANDS) à ESTROGENS + ANDROGENS

[pictures of gonads and adrenals]

Wolffian duct

+ androgens

+ MIS (mullerian inhibiting substance in males)

è male structures ( seminal vesicles, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts (and epididymis) )

[pictures of above named structures]

Mullerian duct

- MIS

-androgens (absence of androgens in females)

à female structures ( fallopian tubes, uterus, inner 1/3 of vagina )

[pictures of above named structures]

[pictures of male and female internal development ]

undifferentiated before sixth week

seventh to eighth week

genital tubercle à glans (of penis or clitoris)

twelfth week

labioscrotal swelling à labia or scrotum

+dihydrotestosterone for male development

-dihydrotestosterone for female development

[pictures of external development]

[13 sequential screenshots of animation illustrating external development of female and male parts]

Girl or boy: Inside pregnancy video

http://www.babycenter.ca/v1027493/girl-or-boy-inside-pregnancy-video

Time 0:24-0:38

congenital anomalies

absence of vagina

complete septum with double uterus

partial septum

rudimentary 2^nd vagina without external opening, forming cyst

[pictures of congenital anomalies]

congenital anomalies

uterus didelphys

uterus duplex bicornus (septus)

uterus bicornis unicollis

uterus septus

uterus subseptus

uterus unicornis

[pictures of congenital anomalies]

representative sections of the BSTc (central subdivision of the Bed nucleus of the Stria Terminalis)

innervated by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

heterosexual M [picture of brain section]

heterosexual F [picture of brain section]

homosexual M [picture of brain section looks similar to heterosexual male]

M-to-F transsexual [picture of brain section looks similar to heterosexual female]

NATURE 378:68-70 (1995)

hermaphrodites

people with ambiguous or contradictory sex characteristics – intersexed

true hermaphrodites

contain ovarian tissue AND contain testicular tissue

pseudo hermaphrodites

contain ONLY the gonads of their chromosomal sex BUT have ambiguous anatomy

true hermaphrodites

ovary on one side testis on the other [picture illustrating what this looks like]

ovotestis on both sides [picture illustrating what this looks like]

male pseudohermaphrodite

vagina opens into perineum [picture illustrating what this looks like]

testes in bifid scrotum v. abdominal testes [picture illustrating what this looks like]

hypoplasia of testis [picture illustrating what this looks like]

male pseudohermaphrodite

vagina ends blindly [picture illustrating what this looks like]

testes in groins [picture illustrating what this looks like]

absence of uterus, fallopian tubes & ovaries [picture illustrating what this looks like]

female pseudohermaphrodite

vagina opening into urethra at base of hypertrophied clitoris [picture illustrating what this looks like]

hypoplastic ovary [picture illustrating what this looks like]

Turner’s Syndrome

1/2,000 live female births

sex chromosomes = XO

ovaries absent or present only as a streak

no menstruation

no large breasts

tend to be short

gender identity - usually female

[pictures of two women who have Turner’s syndrome]

Klinefelter’s syndrome

1/500 live male births

sex chromosomes = XXY

anatomically male (undersized penis and testicles)

typically sterile

tend to be tall and somewhat feminized

may have some breast enlargement

gender identity - usually male

[picture of a man who has Klinefelter’s syndrome]

androgen insensitivity syndrome

or testicular feminization syndrome

sex chromosomes = XY

body cells are insensitive to androgens

normal-looking female appearance with shallow vagina

no menstruation

gender identity – often female

[pictures of two women who have AIS]

fetally androgenized females

or congenital adrenal hyperplasia

sex chromosomes = XX

exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens

secreted by their own or their mothers

adrenal glands

enlarged clitoris that looks like penis

fused labia that look like scrotum

gender identity - female

(but frequently “tomboys”)

[pictures of four children with CAH]

[pictures of two older children/young women with CAH}

DHT deficient males

or 5-alpha-reductase syndrome

sex chromosomes = XY

genetic defect prevents conversion of

testosterone à dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

(5-alpha reductase)

at birth genitals look female

at puberty increased testosterone levels

overcome the

5-alpha reductase deficiency

external genitals become masculine

generally raised as girls until puberty

at puberty adopt a male identity

5 α-reductase deficiency

testes visible as bulges under skin

[picture illustrating what this looks like]

according to your text book

by about 18 months

most children have developed a firm gender identity

1950s-1970s

John Money and colleagues

believed that a person is born

psychosexually neutral or undifferentiated

and social-learning experiences

are the essential determinants of

gender identity and gender-role behavior

two patients born XX females with adrenogenital syndrome

one raised female - age 14yrs 6mo

one raised male -age 15yrs 1mo

[pictures of the patients mentioned above]

postoperative appearance of female [photo]

preoperative appearance of female (male similar) [photo]

postoperative appearance of male (prosthetic testes) [photo]

the child raised as a girl

first stage surgical feminization at age 2

medically unremarkable childhood

except for taking daily cortisone

breast development began at 13

menses began at 20

developed behaviorally as a girl

with tomboyish activity interests

not conspicuously different from other girls of her age

In teenage, academic and career interests had priority over dating, romance, and going steady

There was no romantic inclination toward either boys or girls, but rather a projection into the future of the boyfriend and married state of life

Otherwise, everything about this girl was very attractively feminine to all who interviewed and knew her

the child raised as a boy

at birth and pronounced a male

with a hypospadiac phallus and undescended testes

3 stages of surgical masculinization ended in failure

urine backed up into the internally opening vagina

with ensuing infection

correct diagnosis established at age 3 ½

child was terror stricken at being once again in a hospital

using clay he was shown how a penis could be repaired

during childhood cortisone therapy

permitted statural growth to be normal

at the age of puberty

masculinization was induced by androgen therapy

artificial testes were implanted

the boy’s family life was tortured

in teenage, the boy was an academic underachiever

he achieved status of sorts as a rebel

he was accepted by the other boys as one of them

he was not overly aggressive

all of his romantic feelings and approaches

were towards girls despite his trepidation

at the prospect of attempting intercourse

with too small a penis and prosthetic testes

incidence of intersex disorders in the U.S.

disorder incidence US pop # in US

XO 1/ 1,500 F 1/ 3,000 P 281,421,906 93,806

XXY 1/ 1,000 M 1/ 2,000 P 281,421,906 140,711

AIS 1/ 20,000 M 1/ 40,000 P 281,421,906 7,036

CAH 1/ 15,000 P 281,421,906 18,760

5ARD no data no data 281,421,906 no data

US population data on Census Day April 1 2000 (http://www.census.gov)

Incidence estimates based on various medical texts & web sites

predictions of incidence of intersex disorders locally

disorder Florida Orlando Valencia

population 15,982,378 193,644 50,000

XO 5,327 65 17

XXY 7,991 97 25

AIS 400 5 1

CAH 1,065 13 3

5ARD no data no data no data

Florida population data on Census Day April 1 2000 (http://www.census.gov)

Orlando population based on 2000 data (http://www.florida-business-data.com)

story first published December 11 1997 in The Rolling Stone: The True Story of John/Joan

both by John Colapinto

[picture of book cover]

August 1965

Bruce and Brian Reimer born

April 1966 (8 mo)

Bruce suffered circumcision accident

Early 1967 Bruce’s parents

met John Money in Baltimore

Bruce “became” Brenda (17 mo)

July 1967 (22 mo) testes removed rudimentary exterior vagina created

[picture]

1971-Money wrote a letter to Brenda’s school urging promotion to 1st grade

Brian speaking of Brenda:

“When I say there was nothing feminine about Brenda, I mean there was nothing feminine. She walked like a guy. She talked about guy things, didn’t give a crap about cleaning house, getting married, wearing makeup…We both wanted to play with guys, build forts and have snowball fights and play army.”

[picture]

when Brenda daydreamed she saw herself as a 21-year-old male with a mustache and a sports car

surrounded by admiring friends

by age 9

“Money told us that he had asked Brenda what partner she would rather have, a boy or a girl,” [her father recalls].

“Brenda had said, ‘A girl.’”

[Her father] recalls that Dr. Money wanted to know how they felt about raising a lesbian.

[picture]

by age 14

Brenda refused to wear dresses

she favored a tattered jean jacket ragged cords and work boots

her hair was unwashed

uncombed and matted

she enrolled in an appliance-repair course

at a technical high school

classmates called her Cave-woman and Sasquatch

she switched to urinating from a standing position

Brendas psychiatrist and endocrinologist at the time

decided she should be told the truth about herself.

March 1980 – Brenda’s father told her the truth

[picture]

he named himself David

demanded hormone treatments & surgery

(- breasts, + penis)

a girlfriend broadcast his secret

he entered a deep depression

he attempted suicide

he was introduced to his future wife

by his brother and sister-in-law

at age 25 he married a woman with 3 children

he landed a well paying factory job

he came out publicly with his story

to prevent similar sex reassignments

from happening to others

[picture]

David at eighteen [picture]

David & Jane on their wedding day [picture]

incidence of sex reassignments

US – 100 to 200 sex reassignments / year

globally – 1000 sex reassignments / year

in the 25 years following the Twin Study

as many as 15,000 similar sex reassignments

may have been performed

estimates given by William Reiner

as reported in John Colapinto’s 1997 Rolling Stone Article

John Money

pioneer sex researcher

developed protocols for treatment of intersex children

1972 book (co-author Anke Ehrhardt) Man & Woman, Boy & Girl

1971 – Money intervened with Brenda’s school (1^st grade)

1972 – 1^st published case as unqualified success

1974 – Money told Brenda’s parents she was probably lesbian

1976 – Treating psychiatrist relates woes to Money

1978 – Money published in journal “Now prepubertal in age, the girl has…a feminine gender identity and role, distinctly different from that of her brother.”

[picture]

Milton (Mickey) Diamond

1965 – published in The Quarterly Review of Biology evidence from biology, psychology, psychiatry, anthropology

and endocrinology to argue that gender identity is hardwired into the brain virtually from conception

yearly ad in the American Psychiatric Society Journal “Will whoever is treating the twins please report.”

1991 contacted Sigmundson

Diamond & Sigmundson article published 1997

(the man who oversaw David’s treatment)

[picture]

William Reiner

1970s and ’80s

urology resident at Hopkins

then in private practice

Reiner treated young patients born with irregular genitals

- often constructing female external genitals for males with no penis or a micropenis

1992 returned to Hopkins to train as a psychiatrist

now directs Hopkin’s Gender Identity and Psychosexual Disorders Clinic

[picture]

Cheryl Chase

Born a true hermaphrodite

clitoridectomy at age 2

raised as a girl

tended to socialize with boys

as she got older she recognized her erotic orientation was towards females

at 19 began to learn the truth

3 yrs to access medical records

1993 – She founded the Intersex Society of North America (ISNA), a peer-support, activist and advocacy group

[picture]

contemporary model

the interactional model

human infants possess a complex and yet to be fully understood biological substrate that predisposes them

to interact with their social environment in either a masculine or feminine mode

life experiences shape the way we think about ourselves - not only as masculine or feminine

but in all aspects of how we relate to those around us

both biology and experience are important in the development of gender identity

transsexual = a person whose gender identity

is opposite to his or her biological sex

transgendered - individuals whose

appearance and behaviors

do not conform to societal gender roles

gender dysphoria = a feeling of being trapped in a body

of the wrong sex.

the nature and cause of transsexualism are not known

a male-to-female transsexual usually wants to be desired

as a woman by a heterosexual man

psychotherapy, without accompanying biological alterations,

has generally been reported to be unsuccessful

in helping transsexuals adjust to their bodies

to qualify for a sex-change procedure

live for one year or more as the other sex

while undergoing hormone therapy

before taking the final, drastic step of surgery

cosmetically

male-to-female sex-change surgery

is usually more effective than

female-to-male sex-change surgery

most transsexuals are happy with their surgery

and would do it again if they could go back in time

[pictures of surgically reconstructed genitals]

[pictures of penile implants]

Results of male to female surgery

[pictures]

Results of female to male surgery

[pictures]

Chest Contouring

[pictures]

Madeleine

before, during, and after facial feminization surgery

[pictures]

Sally,

as a boy,

after 2 years of hormones & electrolysis,

after facial feminization surgery

[pictures]

Cost of Surgery:

MF genital $7,000 - $24,000

FM genital $50,000 +

Facial feminization $25,000 +

(forehead re-contouring,

rhinoplasty,

reduction of mandible,

reduction of laryngeal cartilage)

Reference: Transsexual Surgery: Its Pros and Cons

Christine Jorgensen

formerly George Jorgensen

first American to publicize a sex change

returned to US from Denmark 1955

[picture]

Body Alchemy

Transsexual Portraits

photographs by

Loren Cameron

ISBN 1-57344-063-9m (cloth)

ISBN 1-57344-062-0 (pbk.)

[photo of book cover]

[pictures and stories]

Labor of Love: The Story of One Man’s Extraordinary Pregnancy

Thomas Beatie

[book cover photo and another photo]

[more pictures]

TIME June 9^th 2014

Laverne Cox, a star of Orange is the New Black, is one of an estimated 1.5 million Americans who identify as transgender

[picture of TIME magazine cover]

transgendered individuals make up an estimated 0.5% of the population

65% of Americans have a close friend or relative who is gay

9% of Americans have a close friend or relative who is trans

41% of trans people have attempted suicide

1.6% of the general population have attempted suicide

Albania’s Sworn Virgins

A woman in Albania may become a man:

1) Because her parents have no sons

2) Because she chooses not to marry her pre-arranged husband

[picture of cover of the book Women Who Become Men]

1530 Spanish Explorer Cabeza de Vaca

saw male Native Americans in Florida dressing & working as women

other explorers saw similar phenomena throughout North America

cultural anthropologists have documented this “third gender” status

in at least 120 North American tribes

[picture of third gender person]

“A berdache was one who was defined by

spirituality, androgyny, women’s work and male/male homosexual relationships.

The berdache could adopt the clothing of women, associate and be involved with women,

do the work normally associated with women, marry a man and

take part in many spiritual ceremonies of the tribe.

Female versions of the role also occurred,

but are less well documented…

A Native American Perspective on the Theory of Gender Continuum by DRK

http://hermaphrodite.arriba.net/twospirit.htm

What’s the problem with ‘Berdache’?

“While ‘berdache’ is in common use among white gays, Native Americans find the term offensive

as it comes ultimately from the Arabic where it means roughly, ‘male prostitute’.

We do not appreciate having our sacred people referred to in this way.

The consensus of opinion is that ‘berdache’ should not be used and the tribal name should be used when known.”

Gary Bowen

Coordinator-in-chief, The American Boyz

Chair, True Spirit Conference 98

aka Beau Lame Eagle

http://members.tripod.com/~reconciliation/berdache2.htm

three genders in Samoa

Fa’afafines

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EronVtKYr0c

3:25 minutes

five genders in Sulawesi among the Bugis of Indonesia

Calalai

Calabai

Bissu

http ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9VmLJ3niVo

3:18 minutes

sworn virgins of Albania

https ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIIJ990jUfU

3:52 minutes

stereotype

a generalized notion of what a person is like

based only on that person’s

sex, race, religion, ethnic background, or similar category

stereotypes do not take individuality into account

common gender-based stereotypes

men

aggressive (assertive), logical, unemotional, independent, dominant, competitive, objective, athletic, active, competent

women

passive, nonassertive, illogical, emotional, dependent, subordinate, warm, nurturing

gender role (or sex roles) = behaviors that are considered appropriate and normal for men and women in a society

socialization = the process by which individuals learn, and adopt, society’s expectations for behavior

factors shaping gender roles and stereotypes

parents

the peer group

schools and textbooks

television

religion

the impact of gender-role expectations

on our sexuality

women as undersexed, men as oversexed

easy, sleazy, slut

stud, Casanova, playboy

men as initiators, women as recipients

initiating dating

initiating sexual encounters

men as “sexperts”

men as teachers

responsible for success of encounter

impact – continued

women as controllers, men as movers

women controlling men’s “lust”

preserving “honor”

women as “sexual challenges”

men as unemotional and strong

women as nurturing and supportive

sex as a physical act

sex as part of a relationship of intimacy

androgyny = having characteristics of both sexes

from Greek andr-man and gyne-woman

androgynous individuals

those who have integrated aspects of

masculinity and femininity

into their personalities and behavior